Religion and Ethnic Diversity

Religion is something that many people around the world practice. There are many different types of religion and each religion have their own beliefs and practices. I wanted to learn more about Jehovah’s Witnesses; this is a religion that I am unfamiliar with. Jehovah’s Witnesses consider themselves to be Christian, they base their practices and beliefs on their own translation and meaning of the Bible (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013). Jehovah’s Witnesses call themselves this because God’s name is Jehovah; they feel it is only right to call him by his name.A witness is a person who proclaims views or truths of which he is convinced; thus Jehovah’s Witnesses designates them as a group of Christians who proclaim the truth about Jehovah. Jehovah Witnesses have very different beliefs than other people who consider themselves Christians. Jehovah Witnesses do not celebrate certain holidays; Christmas and Easter are two of the mo st common holidays celebrated by other religious groups who consider themselves as Christians.According to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania (2013), Jesus Christ commanded that we commemorate his death, not his resurrection or his birth. They also believe that there is no record of when Jesus was born and that Christmas was derived from Pagan religion and tradition and adopted by other religions (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013). Easter is to be considered a holiday not of God, and that by other Christians celebrating Easter they are offending God.According to Jehovah Witnesses beliefs Easter has to do with ancient fertility rites and the worship of the Sun and all the new life it can bring religions (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013). According to many religions involving Christianity, the Cross is a universal symbol used to identify their faith and Christianity. Jehovah’s witnesses believe that this does n ot symbolize a person’s faith or loyalty to God but, the cross is merely a created thing and that you can only show your love for God through self-sacrificing love, and that is the only true way to identify oneself as a follower of God.Jehovah’s Witnesses do not share the same beliefs as other religions that consider themselves Christian however, they do not disrespect other religions, and instead they try and educate people about their religion and beliefs hoping to show other people what they believe the correct way to follow God and his ways. Jehovah’s Witnesses that are baptized in this religion are required to follow the rules and beliefs and if they stray from those beliefs they could be shunned or dishonored from the religion and its followers.Jehovah’s Witnesses claim that all preachers and leaders of the congregation are all volunteers and any finances come out of their own pockets. Jehovah Witnesses believe that other religions perceive them as a cult or a group broken away from a religion. They perceive themselves as a religious group re-establishing the form of Christianity that was formed in the first century. They are very adamant that their teachings derive from the Bible itself and not any one person (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, 2013).Jehovah’s Witnesses have contributed to American culture in a couple different ways, one being through disaster relief. Their assistance in disaster relief has helped both those of their religion and those not of their religion but, they take care of those within their faith/religion first. Jehovah’s Witnesses also played a big role in religious freedoms. For example, children saluting the flag in the classroom; Jehovah’s Witnesses brought a case to the Supreme Court stating that it violated First Amendment Rights (Burroughs, 2008-2013). Another way that Jehovah’s Witnesses has contributed to American culture is through the medical fi eld.Jehovah Witnesses cannot accept blood transfusions, so a Pennsylvania hospitals found ways to offer bloodless surgeries and procedures to Jehovah’s Witnesses; they have been doing this for over fifteen years. It is because of this and all the upgraded and growing technology that hospitals are able to offer bloodless surgeries to the public as well (Burroughs, 2008-2013). I have learned a great deal by researching and gathering information about Jehovah’s Witnesses. I realize that people that follow this religion are just practicing what they believe in and how they perceive the way that their God wants them to live their lives.I may not agree with some of their beliefs or practices but, it is not my religion and I respect their decisions to follow their faith how they choose. Hispanics and Latinos make up a large portion of America today. According to the United States Census Bureau, in the year 2010, sixteen percent of all Americans were of Hispanic or Latino dece nt (Ennis, Rios-Vargas, & Albert, 2011), so this race/ethnicity is definitely adding to American culture and way of life. Heritage has the same meaning no matter what your race or ethnicity; heritage refers to the customs and traditions that are handed down from generation to generation.Hispanics and Latinos speak a language called Spanish, not all do but, majority know how to speak, read and write in Spanish. Hispanics and Latinos are known for some most excellent tasting foods, this is part of their heritage. Their food is known for its robust flavors and for being spicy. Common foods that Hispanics and Latinos are known for are dishes like; moles (pronounced moh-lay), tamales, tortillas and carna asada to name a few. Unlike other races or ethnicities, Hispanic and Latinos are known for their elaborate celebrations.They like to celebrate major life events, and they do so very elegantly with bright colors, music and dancing. It is very common at Hispanic/Latino celebration to see M ariachi’s; these are dancers and musicians playing Mexican folklore music and having dancers in native bright colorful dresses. It really is quite beautiful to see and hear. Other things that Hispanics and Latinos have brought to American culture are things like crafts, such as terra cotta pots or planter and sculptures and also pinatas, a paper mache decoration that hold candies and toys.Hispanics and Latinos have added a so much to American culture not only with their traditions but also with their religious beliefs. Hispanics and Latinos are very religious, majority share the religion of Catholic. The main celebrations of Hispanic religion are: Lent called, Cuaresma; Holy Week called, Semana Santa; Christmas called, La Navidad; Three Kings Day or Los Tres Reyes Magos. Some Americans and other races/ethnicities also share and celebrate these holidays as well. Hispanics and Latinos have had a very difficult road with migration to American. They often run across difficulties with regard to discrimination and prejudice.Many Americans believe that Hispanics and Latinos have taken away jobs and that they have sought American government aid that should be only available to American citizens. Still today Hispanics and Latinos endure discrimination and prejudice. Some discriminate or are prejudice against them because of their skin color, the language they speak and because they have large families. Other reasons they are discriminated against them is through employment, some feel it is okay to pay Hispanics or Latinos smaller wages; especially if they are in the country illegally, people degrade them and pay them little amounts of money for labor/work.

Case Study 1: What’s the Buzz on Smart Grids?

CASE STUDY 1: What's the Buzz on Smart Grids? 1. How do smart grids differ from the current electricity infrastructure in the United States? Current electricity grids do not provide any information about how consumers actually use energy. That makes it difficult to develop more efficient approaches to distribution. The current system offers few ways to handle power provided by alternative energy sources. Without useful information, energy companies and consumers have difficulty making good decisions about using energy wisely. A smart grid delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using digital technology to †¢ save energy reduce costs †¢ increase reliability and transparency The smart grid enables information to flow back and forth between electric power providers and consumers and †¢ allows both consumers and energy companies to make more intelligent decisions regarding energy consumption and production. †¢ provides information that would help utilities ra ise prices when demand is high and lower them when demand lessens. †¢ helps consumers program high-use electrical appliances like heating and air conditioning consumption times usage systems to reduce during of peak usage. could possibly lead to a five to fifteen percent decrease in energy consumption. 2. What management, organization, and technology issues should be considered when developing a smart grid? Management: Information feedback would allow consumers to see how much energy they are consuming at any moment and how much it’s costing them. That would allow them to make better decisions about using appliances like air conditioners and furnaces. They could potentially lower their energy bills. However, governments and energy companies need to help consumers overcome the intrusive feelings associated with the technology.Dashboard monitoring software must be easy for consumers to understand and use. Organizations: There are many disincentives for energy companies ass ociated with smart grids. Operating budgets and profits would be severely impacted if consumers greatly reduced their energy consumption. Implementation costs would be extremely high, even with federal government assistance. Consumer backlash is already evident in the few experimental cases to date. Without properly structuring the implementation, that backlash could grow against the energy companies.Technology: Networks and switches for power management, sensor and monitoring devices to track energy usage and distribution trends; systems to provide energy suppliers and consumers with usage data, communications systems to relay data along the entire energy supply system, and systems linked to programmable appliances to run them when energy is least costly, are all expensive and time consuming to retrofit into all the homes across the nation. Basically, the entire energy infrastructure would require retrofitting. 3.What challenge to the development of smart grids do you think is most likely to hamper their development? Some challenges to the development of smart grids include: †¢ Changing the infrastructure of the entire electric grid across the nation †¢ Installing two-way meters that allow information to flow both to and from homes and businesses †¢ Creating dashboards that are user-friendly †¢ Extremely high costs of retrofitting the entire grid infrastructure, estimated to be as high as $75 billion †¢ Potential intrusiveness of new technology †¢ Perceived and real loss of privacy Potential economic impact on energy companies 4. What other areas of our infrastructure could benefit from ‘smart’ technologies? Describe one example not listed in the case. One example that could benefit from smart similar to the electric grids is monitoring water usage in homes and businesses. Smart technologies could allow water utilities and consumers to †¢ Monitor water flows much like electric usage †¢ Turn off lawn sprinkl ers during the heat of the day or based on predetermined schedules †¢ Use monitors in lawns and around plants and shrubs to prevent over- or under-watering †¢ Monitor evaporation rates Monitor fountains, and other water for usage pools, features of usage 5. Would you like your home and your community to be part of a smart grid? Why or why not? Explain. Yes, I would like my home to incorporate the new smart grid technology because it offers to save energy, reduce cost, and increase reliability. Understandably, there may be costs associated with this production such as maintenance, installation, etc. However, I would be willing to pay a little extra up front if I would be saving a lot more throughout its usage. Not to mention helping the environment would not be a bad incentive.

K-Pop Research Essay

K-Pop ê °â‚¬Ã¬Å¡â€ (an abbreviation of Korean pop or Korean popular music): is a musical genre consisting of dance, electronic, electropop, hip hop,[2] and R&B music originating in South Korea.[1] In addition to music, K-pop has grown into a popular subculture among teenagers and young adults around the world.[3] Although in a bigger scope K-pop may include other genres of â€Å"popular music† within South Korea, outside of the country the term is more commonly used for songs sung by Korean teen idols, which covers mostly dance, electronic, rap, hip-hop, and R&B genres.[4] Starting in 1992, dance and rap music became popular due to Seo Tai-ji & Boys, which is seen by many as the beginning of modern K-pop.[4] Genres such as ballad and rock are still popular today; however, the term can be debatable. With the rise of social media networks during the mid 2000s, the ability of K-pop to reach a previously inaccessible audience via the Internet is driving a shift in the exposure and popularity of the genre.[5] The Korean Wave has spread K-Pop to the Pacific Rim, the Americas, Eurasia, and North Africa. As an important part of the Korean Wave, K-pop has come from humble beginnings to gain a huge fan base not just in Asia but also other parts of the world. As South Korea continues to develop its IT infrastructure, K-Pop music is being shared over the internet and through mobile devices more rapidly than ever.[6] According to The New York Times, â€Å"attempts by K-pop stars to break into Western markets had largely failed prior to the proliferation of global social networks.† However, K-pop artists are now gaining more international exposure through social media networks such as YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter, making it easier for K-pop artists to reach a wider audience.[7] Fans come from all around the world[8] and K-Pop is considered by some to be South Korea’s greatest export because of its popularity and growing influence.[9] Kpop bands as highly produced, sugary boy- and girl-bands with slick dance routines and catchy tunes.†[10] Many K-Pop music videos have colourful visuals and a catchy beat.[11] K-Pop multiple vocal genres, especially hip-hop and rap, emphasize performances and strong visuals.[12] Dance is an integral part of K-pop. When combining multiple singers, the singers often switch their positions while singing and dancing by making prompt movements in synchrony. K-Pop is also recognized for pretty-boys and girl groups[13] that are young and considered attractive. I couldn’t stop humming the beat; it had been cemented in my head. At first it was just a mere song that I would play to make fun of, but I couldn’t help it. Over and over again, I played it. There was something intriguing about, something different. It pulled me in and drew my brain. My ears craved the tune again. I did my best to resist the urges, afraid that I’d be swept into its trance and be associated with those who would listen to it. I eventually went back to listen to it, disgusted with myself for enjoying listening to the repetitive track. The chorus was ridiculous, the Engrish was unbearable, yet I was still called for by it. It was different than most of the type of music I had indulged in. K-Pop. I was herded into the world of delusional fandoms that couldn’t bear insults towards their oppas. The world where Engrish is a normal thing you would sing along with. Besides the occasional fan wars and drama (not the K-Dramas, but actual drama), I felt like I had a family within my own fandoms. It was simple; we were all interested in that particular group, and we all respected each for that. It gave us common grounds. But it’s even more than that, we all still shared the general idea: We all liked K-Pop. Most people who are used to western music made fun of this genre. This is probably the biggest thing that binds us together. Most of us non-Korean listeners have probably dealt with being made fun of for liking K-Pop, and this makes us even closer.

See the document i send you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

See the document i send you - Essay Example the dining section at the center, filled with 14 eating men, all seated around the table, one serving lady situated between the first and second men on the left hand corner of the back row table and another lady entering from the kitchen at the right side, with a bowl of food cupped in her hands and held just above her chest. The kitchen, situated at the right side of the paining shows two ladies cooking, one facing the viewers and the other’s back revealed. On the left corner of the painting, an entrance to the dining area was depicted with three men in view: the farthest man on the left holding a pail by his right hand, one man standing just outside the door was combing his hair, and another apparently washing his face from a wash tub situated on the outer dining wall. A picture frame of horses is seen on the dining wall, and a kitchen cupboard that contains intricate details of sets of porcelain neatly arranged in panels. The colors and shades of brown, cream, light burgundy provide majority of the paintings hues with the dining room covered in matte light brown daintily printed wall paper. A checkered red and white pattern of the table cloth appears with clothes of the men predominantly blues, gray, offwites shirts tucked in denim overalls. The people were painted in three dimensional representations where viewers could clearly distinguish positions, roundness, proximities and juxtaposition of shapes, objects and forms. All these details contribute to the painters’ intent to manifest a jovial mood provided by a feast through sharing dinner served by women of the region. The backdrop is painted in light hues depicting a day event. The composition was clearly organized with balance manifested in three sections of the painting: the left outside entrance to the dining room (where a barn with two horses appear at the left side most portion), the center of the painting is the focal point – the dining room; and the right side is the kitchen. The left entry to

Impact of Advertising on Tweens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Impact of Advertising on Tweens - Essay Example On the other hand, authors such as Young(90), Roedder (1981) argue that children are nave & need protecting from exploitation. They are criticized by Gunther & Furnham (1998), Mc Neal (1999). The opponents of advertising claim that ads make children materialistic, it stifles creativity fosters conflict between parents and their children, develops cynical attitudes. [Greenberg & Brand,1993; Liebert (1986), Pollay (1986), Churchill & Moschis (1979), Moschis & Chuchill (1979), Moschis & Moore(1982), Ward & Wackman (1971); Goldberg & Gorn (1978)] Initial bibliography: see Appendix A Research QUESTIONS Based on the polarities found in the literature review, this research will try to present a balanced and informed view of the issue by answering the following research questions: Does marketing/advertising impacts buying behavior and brand awareness on tweens; does it contribute to "Pester-Power" Is consumerism and materialism reduced by restricting or removing direct exposure to advertising or marketing influences What is the role of peer pressure - edges, persuaders, followers etc. What is the role of parents as consumer socialization agents At what age do children understand persuasive and /or commercial intent How do children decode and process the sensory information delivered via the advertising medium and whether empiric models can be used to evaluate this decoding What kind of challenges (re: advertising) does the multi channel/multi media environment present to children Research Design The method of research chosen for this dissertation is quantitative. Since the focus will be primarily on the impact of TV advertising, quantitative techniques will be most useful. A questionnaire can help to measure...[Greenberg & Brand,1993; Liebert (1986), Pollay (1986), Churchill & Moschis (1979), Moschis & Chuchill (1979), Moschis & Moore(1982), Ward & Wackman (1971); Goldberg & Gorn (1978)] Since the focus will be primarily on the impact of TV advertising, quantitative techniques will be most useful. A questionnaire can help to measure variables such as media exposure, peer relationships and other socioeconomic factors; central to the dissertation. The questionnaire should be administered to children in year 4-8 in a variety of schools (state, private, boarding & day) in rural, urban and suburban areas in the South of England. The children's ages ranging from 8-13 years. Children of this age were chosen, not only because within this age range they are deemed to be 'Tweens', but also this age group corresponds with Piaget's concrete operational stage of development and they would also be deemed 'cued processors' (Roedder 1981). Research on how advertising may or may not influence children to buy or ask for certain goods and products i.e. 'Pester Power' has been carried out using various methods.

The Cost of Computers Over 10 Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Cost of Computers Over 10 Years - Essay Example (Moore, 1965). Simply put, computers have been getting exponentially more powerful since their invention. How is this important to an economic analysis of computer costs? For many years this has been a simple formula for predicting the future cost and efficiency of computers. If we compare the specifications of a computer to what consumers require in order to complete tasks, run software, surf the Internet, and much more, we can see that the advancement of integrated circuits is much faster than the requirement of users. For example, if a student required a computer 10 years ago research, write papers, surf the internet, and communicate, a standard pc of that era would be perfectly suitable. The same student today would require a computer able to perform very similar tasks to the computer of 10 years ago, ignoring the need for graphical gaming and media. Therefore, a computer with the same specifications today and one 10 years ago, or even 1 year ago, can be created with less transis tors, meaning the cost of production is less too. The second law that applies to our analysis is Metcalfe's Law. Robert Metcalfe, the inventor of Ethernet, stated that the value of a network is proportional to the square of the number of connected users of that particular system. (Metcalfe, 1993). Originally talking about telecommunications networks, this law can be applied in general to the Internet – a huge, if not the biggest, driving force of the computer. Simply put, it means that every one new user added to a particular network adds more value to that network. A common example of this is the fax machine comparison. â€Å"The first person to buy a fax machine was a fool.† (Metcalfe, 1993) A user would find it quite pointless to send themselves a fax and having no recipient,... This paper approves that the last factor regarding supply and demand is the substitution effect and alternative effect. Although each good is unique, it has substitutes – there are always other goods that can be used in place of it. Twenty years ago, it was very common to write one's letters manually and type script on a typewriter. Ten years ago, the computer was certainly very popular, although many alternatives were considered over owning a personal computer. Typewriters were still in use, Internet cafes were popular, and sharing computers was considered quite acceptable. Today, we can observe that the demand for typewriters has decreased, as it is an inferior substitute. Furthermore, the supply of typewriters is also reduced, as it is comparatively more expensive to produce than computers. In the same way, personal computers are affordable, resulting in a reduction in Internet cafes and computer sharing. Cost plays a vital role in determining which products a buyer will su bstitute in order to maintain viability. This report makes a conclusion that we can observe the many forces that have attributed to the success of the personal computer and laptop. We can perhaps look to our formula, laws, and economic models to predict the cost of the computer, or technological equivalent, in the future. Although, if in this short span of time computers have become such a ubiquitous part of our daily lives, we can only wonder as to the extent of influence it will have on us in the next 10 years.

Discussion on the treatment of assylum seekers in Australia Essay

Discussion on the treatment of assylum seekers in Australia - Essay Example His much longer article, â€Å"Escape from a Life in Limbo† (October 27, 2007) tells the personal story of Ahmed al Kateb until he was finally granted a permanent residency visa in 2007 nearly seven years after being rescued from a beached fishing boat. During the interim al Kateb Was stateless, alternating periods of detention with those of temporary release and bridging visas. Briefly, I would classify the earlier article as an impersonal critique of a High Court decision, whereas the later one puts a human face on the consequences of the decision to a particular victim of it. This personal article I submit would more likely elicit sympathy from the reader for al Kateb’s plight and stir emotional outrage rather than the intellectual criticism of the firs one. Effect of Process on Identity of Us as Australians and on al Kateb Marr( 2005 p.1) implies that the Australian detention process denigrates Australia’s identity in the international community because high courts in counties such as the US and the UK are â€Å"tracking in the opposite direction† since â€Å"they have been telling their governments that its’ not lawful to detain at will and indefinitely†.

Schindler's List Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Schindler's List - Movie Review Example Schindler, a business man in the film, becomes depicted as a person who is profit oriented and self-centered in character (Thomas 3). The film majorly centers on the life of this character as he does around with his life. Apart from Schindler, the film also had Itzhak Stern, an accountant for Schindler. Itzhak in the story becomes depicted as a worker and a lover of his own people. The essay therefore, will analyze the relationship between the two characters in detail and assess some of the way the film managed to use communication concepts (Thomas 4). At the start of the film, Schindler manages to meet and talk with his accountant, Stern concerning his motif to buy the Jewish enamelware factory. Schindler in the film becomes depicted as self-centered and had profit making character. Since Stern had the brains and the zeal to run some of the businesses Schindler had, Schindler trusted Stern. The factory had earlier on been closed by the Nazi’s, but Schindler saw a way of makin g money through it (Zaillian & Keneally 33). Without thinking about the repercussions of buying the company, Schindler insisted he wanted to buy it. Stern did not approve of Schindler’s intentions as he acted as if he did not respect the Jewish community. Schindler in the early scenes could be viewed as a traitor of his own people. ... In terms of non-verbal communication, in the film, Stern shows some gestures of not approving and disliking Schindler’s opinion of wanting to buy the factory, simply by not accepting to have a drink with him. In addition, Stern got some facial expressions suggestive of disliking the idea (Loshitzky 23). Stern in the film becomes depicted as a clever person that does most of the brain thinking for Schindler. Stern ensures that the enamel factory which Schindler wanted become bought, though used bribery. Deeper in the film, Stern saves the lives of his fellow Jews through coming up with ideas that helped in closure of the Plaszow labor camp (Loshitzky 76). In addition, it is Stern that runs the factory that ended up helping thousands of Jews by employing them and not making them ‘non-essential.’ Stern cared a lot for his people right from the very start of the film and did whatsoever possible to ensure they were safe. Stern becomes depicted as the total opposite of Schindler, though the two remain related. In the beginning of the film, the relationship between Stern and Schindler was more of the business type. Schindler in the film depicts characteristics opposite from Stern. As Stern cared for his Jew people from the very first, Schindler had been insensitive to the problems the Jewish people underwent. The film hence brings Stern to represent the elements Schindler lacked (Loshitzky 26). As the film progresses, Schindler starts experiencing a gradual change in character and heart concerning his Jewish people. In one of the scenes, Schindler witnesses the evacuation of the Krakow ghetto by the Nazi people (Keneally 65). He majorly got touched after seeing the girl with the red coat tortured by the Nazi’s.

Communication in Economics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication in Economics - Article Example â€Å"Dark pools† simply means the simulated exchanges that are created by banks through conjuring with big potential clients to buy or sell massive deals without changing the price as per the current financial market prices. These side deals are effectuated privately for the selfish benefits of the culprits in the banking industry and the deceitful clients. The main purpose of this vice is to cushion the clients from the possible losses of the main exchanges in a quest to reap profits that are equally shared by both perpetrators (Iniman para 1). The truth about dark pools is that it is a highly profitable venture. The illegality about it reveals that the sector is money-spinning occasioned by different transactions. The most predominant selling venture in â€Å"dark pools† is the attraction of massive share slugs that usually pools established shareholders into buying shares or trading their shares (Iniman para 3). However, there are no legitimate standards that are followed in these transactions of shares. The financial data about these transactions is only relayed to the public after the business is completed. The opportune reporting, which is done after the completion of the transaction, is always a tactical move to ensure that the perpetrators are not affected by the price. This is because an early report about the shares transactions usually raises attention to the truthful stakeholders in the industry to fluctuate the price basing on the buyers and sellers willingness to transact (Iniman para 3). The bigwigs who indulge in these illegal transactions are currently overriding in the U.S and Europe banking quarter. They utilize â€Å"dark pools† as a smokescreen on their way to raking millions of dollars from the shares business with no fear of making loses because of the nature of operations (Iniman para 3). It is palpable that most

Process laboratories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Process laboratories - Essay Example This implies that more and more liquids rich in highly volatile components are being re-used back in the column. Separation then becomes easier and thus fewer trays are required to achieve the same operation degree. Minimum tray is needed under total reflux conditions that are distillate and are not withdrawn. On the contrary, as the reflux is reduced, the line of operation of the rectification section goes towards the equilibrium line (Owens, 2009, pp24-33). The ‘pinch’ between the operating and the equilibrium lines are highly pronounced and many trays are required. Distillation is the most widely used method of separation in the chemical process industries. Distillation uses about 24% of the total energy. Refineries rely heavily on distillation for separation of complex mixture of compounds found in crude oil into the products for sale. Distillation uses about 40% of all the energy consumed in refineries (Owens, 2009, pp24-33). First, distillation method is viewed from a steady state to make sure the process remains within safe working

Economics of Race and Gender Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics of Race and Gender - Term Paper Example I intend to show that evidence exists that the imbalance in economic pay for women can be corrected with continued positive efforts by society. Much progress has been made in regards equal pay for equal job performance in recent decades, yet a significant gap still exists even among managerial professionals in the workforce. A study outlined in The Herald (Glasgow) mentions that women receive 17.1 percent less pay than their male colleagues (Morgan, News, p 10). One of the first significant legal moves toward equality was with the Equal Pay Act of 1963 (U.S. Dept. of Labor, 2). The Act states that it is illegal for employers to discriminate on basis of sex (p 2). Despite the Equal Pay Act, a 2005 article in The Herald reports that both females and pregnant women in particular face discrimination at work. The author found that 54 percent of Scottish women faced discrimination during pregnancy, while 50 percent of women in the UK reported similar issues. Only 20 percent of the women surveyed however decided to report occurrence of the issue (Morgan, News 10). Businesses also contribute to the problem since only 10 percent of companies surveyed in Scotland perform equal pay reviews, while only 22 percent perform such reviews in England (Morgan, News 10). Another recent article in Scotland on Sunday reported that surveys of workers in Scotland found that female mangers encountered greater pay discrimination the higher in the organization they went (Barnes, 9). The reporter mentioned that the pay gap is the greatest for top level jobs. The top 10 percent of males in Scotland were making more than 40,500 GBP, while the top 10 percent of females were making more than 34,000 GBP (Barnes, 9). Currently, women are largely left out of executive roles, and this is occurring in most developed countries. A recent article in The Independent newspaper from London

Sustainable agriculture Essay Example for Free

Sustainable agriculture Essay Organic foods are becoming more available in all types of stores where food is sold. Nowadays, instead of scouring many stores looking for organic foods, they have become available for purchase in everyday shopping locations such as Vons, Ralphs, as well as Target and Wal-Mart. With most of the population being consumed with healthier eating and fitness, eating organic foods is a step people make in bettering oneself. Additionally, it is essential to protect our planet in as many ways as possible. Organic foods have grown nationally, are healthier and safer to consume than conventionally farmed foods, and are beneficial to the environment. Originally, there was no such thing as organic or conventional foods. All farming was organic as there were no pesticides available. However, as the demand for foods increased, farmers had to figure out how to increase the production of their product, as well as preserving the food to be available for longer periods of time; therefore pesticides were born. The term organic foods is defined by the article Is Organic Food Better For You, as â€Å"crops [that] must be produced without conventional pesticides (including herbicides), synthetic fertilizers, sewage sludge, bioengineering, or ionizing radiation. †(1) Basically the article is saying that organic foods must be grown naturally without any â€Å"help†. This implies that farmers can use natural elements but nothing man made. Robin Parnes emphasizes that â€Å"organic food, [is] defined by how it cannot be made rather than how it can be made† (Parnes 2). Parnes is insisting that it is more important to state what cannot be used to ensure an authentic organic product. This is because what is NOT in a product is what makes it organic, not what IS in it.A common misconception about organic foods is that they are â€Å"natural†. This is not true. According to Parnes, â€Å"Natural foods can include organic foods, but not all natural foods are organic†. The essence of Parnes’ statement is the misconception is just that, a misconception, with the fact foods may be classified as â€Å"natural† but not classified as organic. Food that has been minimally processed and contains no preservatives is referred to by the food industry as â€Å"natural† (2). Given that the definition of organic food is very similar, it’s understandable why the two would be lumped together as one. However, the main difference as stated by Laurel Vukovic, is that foods must contain at least 95 percent organic ingredients in order to be classified organic (50). Organic farms are not always â€Å"small family farms† like consumers would think. Shapin states, Earthbound Farm, a large organic producer, was once a small â€Å"two-and-a- half acre raspberry-and-baby-greens farm†. Like most great things, the company grew and they now have large farms in nine different counties in the states of California, Arizona, Colorado, and even farms in three Mexican states. When organic farming first started in 1993, the owners of Earthbound Farm were asked by Costco, their first client, to drop the term organic because they were afraid their customers would be â€Å"intimidated† and not want to buy the product, because the entire concept was too new. In 2004 Earthbound’s farms had grown nationally with twenty-six thousand acres and is now â€Å"available in supermarkets in every state of the Union† (Shapin). Organic foods today have become a more common household name and consumers are flocking to buy more of it. Katherine DiMatteo states that there has been a â€Å"strong 20%-a-year growth rate since 1990† (qtd. in Is Organic Food Better For You?). DiMatteo is explaining that organic farming is becoming more in demand as people look more to eating right. Parnes supports this fact by stating that â€Å"according to the Food Marketing Institute, more than half of Americans now buy organic food at least once a month† (1). Considering that organic foods used to be very difficult to find and most people were not concerned with eating organic, this is a huge change. This supports the fact that people want to be healthier and eat better. According to Jennifer Alsever, this change is represented by organic foods replacing sugary foods and sodas in some vending machines in Chicago (8). With all the health problems affecting consumers today, people are searching for more healthy alternatives and â€Å"junk food† seems to be disappearing. Consumers have become awakened by their bad food choices and with all of the information on the news and tv today, telling people how rich organic produce is in vitamins and minerals, they are looking to nature for ways to improve their body and overall health. It has been proven that vitamin C and certain antioxidants can help with different diseases, such as â€Å"aging, cardiovascular disease, and cancer† as stated in Is Organic Better For You (3). This article also states that letting nutrient rich organic foods sit for too long in the refrigerator can actually cause the vitamins to deplete by oxidation, therefore losing the benefit. (3). So if you buy organic for the higher vitamins and nutrients, it is important to eat it as soon as possible, so that the benefit you paid a little extra for does not get â€Å"wasted†. Organic food not only helps our bodies, by reducing diseases and supplying us with needed nutrients, it can also help protect the environment. When conventional farming machines pollute the earth, this affects us as well. The air we breathe is polluted, as well as the ground by chemicals and pesticides. Even those who eat organic, can still be affected by conventional farming because of the harmful effects to the environment. Pesticides that are put on plants collect in the soil of the land as well as in water nearby conventional farms. People then drink this water and are exposed to the chemicals. In the article Is Organic Food Better For You, DiMatteo asserts that by eliminating the use of these pesticides and fertilizers in the organic production system, we are not contributing any further to this pollution (3). In making this comment, DiMatteo argues that the pesticides used in conventional farming is one cause to the pollution of our planet. She believes that replacing conventional farming with organic farming is one way to improve our plants health. When buying organic, the only thought which usually comes to mind is food. Yet, there are also organic hair products and skin products. One might believe that these products cannot harm or help our bodies, when in fact these are just as important, if not more important. According to Laurel Vukovic, these chemicals are â€Å"absorbed through the skin and scalp can be even more harmful than those ingested, because [they are notdetoxified by the liver and] pass directly into the bloodstream and fat cells† (48). Basically, she is stating that there is no way to fight off the effects of toxins contracted through hair and skin products. When toxins are ingested there is a detoxification process whereas when they are applied they are directly absorbed. Therefore, it is even more important to purchase products that are organic when trying to live a complete healthy life. Organic farming is a way to not only improve our health internally but externally as well, by protecting the environment. Organic foods take us back to the way food was before the big corporations got involved and â€Å"tainted† the product. It is safer to consume foods (as well as use products) that lack the harsh chemicals and pesticides. Our society is â€Å"obsessed† with pushing food to last longer than nature intended and this is a big reason pesticides were developed. Unfortunately, there is a price to pay for keeping food fresh longer. This price is being paid not only by our bodies, but by our environment as well. WORKS CITED Alsever, Jennifer. â€Å"No Twinkies? Vending Machines Go Organic. † Going Green. NBCNews. com, 12 Jan 2011. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. Ciampa, Linda.â€Å"The Organic Debate: Healthier or Not? † In-Depth Specials. CNN. com. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Is Organic Food Better for You? Here’s How to Decide If it’s Worth The High Price. † Food Recipes. WebMD. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. Parnes, Robin Brett. â€Å"How Organic Food Works. † How Stuff Works. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. Shapin, Steven. Organic Food and Farming Has Drawbacks. The Local Food Movement. Ed. Amy Francis. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue. Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. Vukovic, Laurel. â€Å"A Shopper’s Guide to Organics†. Better Nutrition. Organic Directory, Sep. 2008. PDF fiile. 12. Feb 2013.

Juvenile Crimes

Juvenile Crimes Introduction Juvenile crimes seem to dominate many topics of discussions and are such a gigantic problem, because of the over-crowded court rooms and jail cells. However, legislation is being manufactured for younger offenders, while public sentiments continue to escalate regarding what to do with these juveniles, who terrorize local communities with their poor choices that affect us all. One may say that we have never been a victim of a juvenile crime, but many have felt the residual trickle down effects of juvenile crime. How does the society at large combat this issue before it touches or affects us directly? This research paper will show that early intervention through parenting programs as well as an exit strategy for those who fall through the cracks will assist to lower juvenile crimes in spite of the attempts to utilize boot camps, scare tactics and adult sentencing as a means for change. The news is bombarded with juvenile incidents that peaks our discomfort levels and ushers in uneasy feelings because of the violent way juveniles are behaving. Here are a few stories of what juveniles are doing in their respective communities. Four teenagers are caught on a camera robbing a store owner in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The store owner hands are raised above his head when a shot is fired by one of the teens and the store owner falls to his death. In Florida and Kentucky five other teens that perpetrated as vampires are charged with assaulting another teens parent to death. In Los Angeles a six year old boy is fatally wounded by the senseless acts of gang activity and an innocent person was caught in the crossfire also. These are the types of juvenile crimes being committed by individuals between six to eighteen years old. The isolated stories mentioned above are just a few of the headliners of major media outlets informing the general public of the plight of Americas juvenile problem. These senseless brutal events are so commonly placed that juvenile crimes seem to have a numbing effect on our society. A team of researchers stated that Compared to adolescents in other countries, Americas teens exhibit alarmingly high rates of violence, and the sad part about the violent crimes being committed by these individuals is that it is done so easily, uncaring and indifferent to those they violate Summary Most juvenile crime problem stems from social problems, and they are initiated from their upbringing, poverty and poor education. Because, of juvenile crime inner-city youths are unbalanced in their involvement in crime. Since there have been so many stories about juvenile crime, cities, states and even the federal government are working on ways as to how they can improve the problem with crime. Our Congress would like to change twenty-two laws that provide anti-delinquency funding to states. There are states who would like to see young teens to be charged as an adult for crimes they commit. The state of Massachusetts has voted for youths as young as fourteen be tried as adults; while the state of Tennessee minimum age was eliminated, but Wisconsins solution to the problem was to lower their age to ten. For many years, there was a public outcry for tougher stances on juvenile crimes; out of this response the juvenile boot camp concept was born and widely supported but the program had little success. Boot camps for juveniles originated in the late 1980s to help keep youths out of adult prisons or to keep their jail sentences short. At risk youths were placed into intense, structured, severe environments that resembled military boot camps. The juvenile boot camps had a legitimate and sincere mission which was to teach and provide discipline, but ultimately it failed to help prevent kids from committing future crimes. Authorities had hoped that the three months or so, served in boot camp, would help turn juveniles behavior around, but preliminary studies conducted as early as 1990s have indicated that boot camps do not work to improve a juveniles behavior. In fact, many of the attendees, after released, committed even more serious crimes than before because of their contact with more e xperienced offenders (NIH, n.d.). Studies have been shown that boot camps should be ban by the government because of the misconduct of employees at the camps. One incident involved a fourteen-year-old girl who had been put into the camp because she had stole $25 from a friend. The girl, who was overweight, died of heart failure because she was left lying in the sun unattended for hours after running three miles (NIH, n.d.). Incident such as this, is why boot camps have been given a bad reputation and should be closed immediately.. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and experts agree that boot camps do not work to combat juvenile crime; in fact, many of them agree that it can make the problems worse. Many of the facilities has no therapy or no psychological interventions programs for the offenders to help them deal with underlying emotional and behavioral problems they may have been developing for many years (NIH, n.d.). Instead of boot camps which isnt helping out youths we need to start concentrating on ways to prevent juvenile crimes indisputably. One of the ways this can be accomplished is by communities providing programs to help children and their families at an early age. Many state programs are attempting to implement early intervention programs and requesting federal funding for community initiatives that will allow special groups to fight and battle the problem of juvenile crimes.. Another way this can be accomplished is through educational programs geared to observe and seek-out the juvenile indicators early in the developmental stage. These educational programs help the families that they served by providing valid and resourceful information that will enhance or benefit their current status. The programs show parents how to raise healthy children, while others instruct kids about the dangers of drugs, gangs, sex and weapons. While some try to reinforce and emphasize the God given worth or value juveniles have within themselves. This is a great tool in combating many of the issues with juvenile crimes, because the majority of juveniles committing a lot of these senseless crimes are doing them to draw attention due to self-esteem issues. These educational programs were designed to provide encouraging hope and to inform juveniles that there is another way out of their dilemma. Summary 2 Also by implementing early educational intervention in prenatal and infancy homes where visitation by nurses is just one more tool in helping to reduce juvenile crimes. These nurses involved in this program pay visits to low income, single mothers between their third trimester and second year of the childs life. The nurses emphasize on the medical condition of the mother and child, the support relationships in the mothers life, and the enrollment of the mother or caretaker and child in Health and Human Services programs. In a fifteen-year follow-up study found that mothers and children involved in the program had a seventy-nine percent lower child abuse rate, a fifty-six percent lower child runaway rate, and a fifty-six percent lower child arrest rate. This study has also showed an improvement in overall behavior problems of juveniles. (LawyerShop, n.d.).. Another law which has been implemented by many states to control juvenile crimes is the transfer law. This law refers to juveniles being transferred or waived to adult court to be sentence as adults and to serve time with adults. There has been research to prove that this law does not work to detour juvenile crimes. In the 1980s, there were two studies conducted that proved that the transfer laws does not lower the juvenile crime rate. A study conducted by Jensen and Metsgers (1994) time-series analysis, has reported that after implementing the transfer law in 1981, Idahos arrest rate for violent crimes committed by fourteen to eighteen-year-olds increased by 13-percent. Another study conducted by Singer and McDowall in 1988 found that the arrest rates of juveniles between 1974 and 1984 in New York and Philadelphia did not change because of the 1978 New York State law that automatically sent violent juvenile offenders to criminal court (by lowing the ages for criminal court jurisdict ion to thirteen-years-old for murder and fourteen-years-old for assault, arson, burglary, kidnapping, and rape) (Redding, 2008, p. 1). The news of the new law was publicized considerably in the media. During that time, there was evidence that showed many juvenile offenders in New York had knowledge of the new law (Redding, 2008). A program which has been proven to work is an early educational intervention program for juveniles where the parent and child are both involved in the training program. This program encompasses an instructional platform for parents that deal with major behavioral problems in their children. The twelve week interactive program allows therapist to guide and educate parents on the best way to respond to their childs behavior whether positive or negative. The results produced by the program have shown a reduction of hyperactivity, attention deficit, aggression and other related behavior in children (Lawyershop, n.d.).. The educational early intervention program also includes a bullying prevention program that is primary geared toward focusing on elementary as well as junior high school youths. An anonymous student questionnaire informs or alerts teachers and administrators regarding those who maybe engaged in bullying. The questionnaire advised the authorities on the kids, who were most likely to be bullied and the places where bullying occurred. The administrators setup a plan to combat the problem and bullies as well as victims are engaged in individual counseling sessions to follow-up the actual event. As a result of this practice, the program had great success in creating a safer, less aggressive playing field for student at minimal cost to schools. Despite the programs that have been initiated for the benefit of our youth, there are still some juveniles that fall through the cracks, but we as communities must work harder with implementing these programs in the communities to help our youths. Juveniles that enter the Juvenile Justice System have the opportunity to receive intervention assistance within the state, this intervention maybe seen in the form of drug rehabilitation assistance, counseling, and other educational opportunities. The telling outcomes that correlates to the success of the program is seen by how well it prepares these young people to re-enter back into society without committing other crimes. Optimally, all juvenile detention facilities would catch youth up on their education, provide them with job training, give the experience of living in a safe, stable environment, and provide them with assistance to break harmful habits(Lawyershop, n.d.).. For those juveniles that find themselves upon completion of their sentencing, the transition can be brutal without further assistance and help. There are programs that support juveniles that are on the verge of entrance back into the communities they abused. Juveniles must separate themselves from the criminal element that placed them into that situation in the first place. To assist in promoting acceptable behavior and conduct, the courts have attempted to implement helpful social services that aid in giving additional support to ex-offenders, such as, job placement, school opportunities, extended counseling sessions and drug rehab. The last educational intervention program we would like to discuss is Functional Family Therapy program (FFT). This program helps juveniles on probation and their families. The family therapist assists the family and supports the juvenile with positive motivational changes in the home. The program is based on three stages: the first stage attempts to break down any resistance to therapy and encourages the family to promote positive affirmations, communication and interaction; the second step, family members are instructed on how to deal with new problems on a day-to-day situation; the third and final step in the process encourage youths to build new relationship skills in other social situations (for instance school, or the workplace). FFT reduces recidivism rates and juvenile delinquency at a low cost. Twelve FFT sessions cost approximately one-sixth the cost of detaining a youth for one month.(Lawyershop, n.d.). A highlighted benefit from the program is that the siblings of the ju venile crimes are less likely to be engaged in criminal activities because of the assistance the family receives.. Implementing a recreational program in the community can help fill the time of unsupervised youths during after school hours, when parents are, maybe, at work. The Department of Education states that juveniles are most likely to be involved in criminal behavior between the evening hours of 2pm and 8pm, with crime rates escalating at 3pm. These recreational programs allow youths to bond with other members of the community, whether young or old, in wholesome activities. Many of these established relationships may carry into the future as a positive resource. Many psychologists also agree that to change the behavior of a juvenile permanently, a change must be made in a youths internal thinking. There is a three-step process called self-revelation which can help youths make the change; this process is used to help juveniles make better decisions in life by making them think before they act, and to make sensible decisions in life. In the first step, the youths must realize their current b ehavior is self-destructive to themselves and others; step two, the youths need to seek ways on how to be positive and the final step, step three, they change their behavior. This three-step process can only transpire when a teen can sincerely and openly talk about their situation within a supportive and mutually respectful adult relationship (Redding, 2008, p. 2).Thats why everyone is of necessity in dealing with this complex issue. Resources are needed from every professional and caring person, who knows that this problem must be stopped in order to have a more peaceful community. Conclusion In conclusion this paper gives some insight on how early intervention programs can help youths stay away from criminal activities. Juvenile crime is a constant issue that needs to be addressed before it is too late for our young people. Youths are trying to grow up and enter adulthood too fast and too young. Throughout this paper we have expressed the need for educational programs, mentoring from parents and guidance from the community to help our youths stay or get back on the right path.. Encouraging positive behavior support can also work to help youths instead of punishing bad behavior; this system would reward good behavior. For any program to be successful, the teens family must be involved in the process. A study conducted by NIH found that programs which implemented family counseling had the best results. Resolving conflicts, disappointments, and anger with each other will help the teenager and his or her family move on to resolve and appreciate what was good and bad with each other. Providing a good program which includes excellent academics where the teen can be successful, positive discipline methods surrounded by a structure of loving adults, and family counseling to sustain the positive changes that has occurred during the program can help the teen move on to become a productive citizen in society

Galactosemia Disorder: Causes, Forms and Treatments

Galactosemia Disorder: Causes, Forms and Treatments Abstract: Carbohydrates are vital for energy in all living organism and also in the biosynthesis of essential glycoconjugates. One of these carbohydrates is a monosaccharide called galactose which is broken-down in humans by the Leloir pathway of the galactose metabolism.[1] Within this pathway, there are three main enzymes that is responsible for modifying galactose in order to convert it into glycolysis for the production of energy – galactokinase (GALK1), galactose-1-phosohate uridyl transferase (GALT), and galactose-6-phosphate epimerase (GALE). A deficiency in any of these enzymes results in a disorder in the human called galactosemia. The second enzyme of this pathway, GALT which produces uridine diphosphogalactose (UPD-gal) from galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1P), a deficiency in this is the most severe of the three galactosemia disorders. GALK1 is rare and the symptoms are much milder than that of GALT with the rarest of the disorder being GALE. Galactosemia is established shortly a fter an infant starts feeding and even though a strict galactose-free diet is introduced promptly eliminating any acute symptoms, the long-term complications unfortunately has already taken place. While early detection can lead to relatively normal life, this inherited disorder is unable to break down simple sugar called galactose and with excessive buildup causes liver, brain, and eye damages. Introduction: All living organism make use of carbohydrates or sugars for the formation of cellular energy along with the synthesis of essential cellular glycoconjugates. In humans, we not only consume carbohydrates but we’re also able to synthesize altered carbohydrate monomers by means of reversible metabolic pathways. Galactose is typically in many of our dairy products that we consume as a carbohydrate monomer which is part of the disaccharide lactose. The human body is able to break down galactose using the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism. This pathway consists of three enzymes, each structuring a different metabolic intermediate functioning together to accomplish one objective and that is to modify galactose into glucose in order to release it into glycolysis for the production of energy. The three enzymes are, Galactokinase (GALK1), galactose-1-phosohate uridyl transferase (GALT), and galactose-4-phosphate epimerase (GALE). An absence or mutations in any of these enzymes resul ts in a disorder in the human called galactosemia. The second enzyme of this pathway, GALT which produces uridine diphosphogalactose (UPD-gal) from galactose-1-phosphate (gal-1P), a deficiency in this enzyme is the most severe of the three galactosemia disorders. GALK1 is rare and the symptoms are much milder than that of GALT causing cataracts of the eye with the rarest of the disorder being GALE with acute symptoms as in GALT. UDP-gal in the Leloir’s pathway plays crucial role in synthesizing several essential glycoconjugates along with ultimately being used for energy production. GALT deficiency in humans’ results in a disorder called galactosemia, a potentially fatal disorder if left untreated immediately after birth. Galactose Metabolism (Leloir Pathway): Figure 1. Galactose Metabolism (Leloir Pathway) in the Liver. The galactose metabolic pathway, also known as Leloir pathway named after Luis Federico Leloir who revealed the principal mechanisms of galactose metabolism and defining the cause of galactosemia.[2] This is the only mechanism of galactose metabolism in humans which contains three enzymes, galactokinase (GALK1), galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), and galactose-4-phosphate epimerase (GALE) which are responsible for their respective role in the Leloir pathway.[3] Upon entrance of the cell, galactose is first phosphorylated by GALK to yield galactose-1-phosphate, which is one of the two substrates of GALT. From here, GALT modifies it further to one uridine diphosphogalactose and one glucose-1-phosphate from one uridine diphosphoglucose and one galactose-1-phosphate. The expected product of GALT, UDP-gal, is the substance of GALE. As GALE epimerizes UDP-gal to produce UDP-glu, which is modified furthermore to enter glycolysis or be used as UDP-glu to synthesize necessary glycoconjugates in the cell.[4] [5] Further modification of UDP-glu consist of the loss of uridine monophosphate in order to produce glucose-1-phosphate. The mutase enzyme then yields glucose-6-phosphate, a glycolytic intermediate that moves into glycolysis to harvest energy in the form of ATP.[6] Since galactose is an essential component of many glycoconjugates, some UDP-gal is used for the synthesis of these sugar moieties which highlights the significance of GALT in the meta bolism and cellular consumption of galactose.[7] Galactosemia: Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive inborn error in the metabolism which affects how the body breakdown the sugar galactose with a rate of about 1 in 62,000 individuals.[8] As a result, those individuals with galactosemia has difficulty digesting this simple sugar that are often found in many foods which is primarily part of a larger sugar called lactose. Lactose produces one molecule each of the simple sugar glucose and galactose which is nearly found in all dairy products and baby formulas.[9] The disorder is typically diagnosed soon after birth, as infants are either breast-fed or formula-fed. However these newborn starts to express characteristic complications that tend to develop after the consumption of milk over a short period of time like nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and lethargy.[10] The accumulation of galactose is toxic to the body if not digested by the appropriate enzyme quickly causes serious health complications to the newborn. Treatments currently involves managemen t of galactose-free diet, although some drug tests in the disorder process have been proposed. Laboratory tests are available to confirm of the disease by measuring the enzyme activity of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase or GALT which is the second step in the pathway of galactose metabolism.[11] There are 3 forms of this disorder: galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT), galactose kinase (GALK1), and galactose-4-phosphate epimerase (GALE) with each form having a relative differences in severity. Those individuals who expresses any of these disorders will have elevated levels of galactose in their blood along with high levels of galactose in the urine. For this reason, hospitals now carry out galactose tolerance tests which are now considered essential for the identification of the disease. Once confirmation of this disorder has been done, the newborn is treated using a dietary galactose restriction by replacing breast or milk base-formula with soy base-formula. Although most of the prominent features of this disease will improve such as nausea, diarrhea, cataracts, or enlarged liver and spleen will gradually regress once placed on the dietary restriction there is one chief symptom which does not show much improvement which is mental retardation due to the damage of the central nervous system.[12] It’s for this reason, that early diagnosis and prompt therapy are crucial. Cause of Disorder: Galactosemia means â€Å"galactose in the blood†, since these individuals are not able to break down galactose to produce energy, this sugar therefore builds up in their blood resulting in high levels of galactose-1-phosphate in the tissues. The pathway for galactose is more complex than most other simple sugars with three enzymes that are essential to convert a molecule of galactose into glucose-6-phosphate. Therefore, any type of genetic mutations in any part of the galactose pathway will cause severe life altering changes effecting organs and intellectual capacity if not treated right away. We can see from Fig. 1 that there are multiple steps in the breakdown of galactose into glucose-1-phosphate and be able to enter into glycolysis where it is broken down into glucose our main energy source. The GALK1 is the first enzyme in the galactose pathway and from this figure we can clearly see how by a mutation in GALK1 could cause so much chaos in the breakdown of galactose. The ability for our bodies to breakdown galactose into glucose plays a crucial for life. As a result, individuals with galactosemia, the GALT enzyme is either missing or not working properly and therefore unable to digest galactose into glucose causing large buildups in the blood. Overtime, this buildup if remain untreated will develop into fatality and although certain damages are able to regress a few of the many will not be irreversible. Forms of Disorder: There are several forms of galactosemia which are caused by mutations of a specific gene affecting different enzymes that are involved in the process of breaking down galactose. The classic galactosemia or galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT) is also known as galactosemia type I, is the most common and severe form of this disorder. Classical galactosemia affects 1 out of 60,000 newborns. In the classic galactosemia, infants are born without the GALT enzyme and are either fed breast-milk or milk-base formulas. In newborns nearly 90% of their carbohydrates comes from lactose, human breast milk comprises of nearly 6% to 8% lactose and most infant formulas comprises of 7% lactose.[13] Therefore all these milk-based products are immediately substituted with lactose free formulas such as soy-based formulas to lessen any further damage to the newborn. Fortunately, most cases of classic galactosemia are detected early enough by newborn screenings and a galactose-free diet is quickly put in place. Within galactosemia type I, there is a rare type of galactosemia called â€Å"Duarte variant†, it is often but not always detected during newborn screening since this is a milder form requiring less treatment or in most cases, no treatment but an erythrocyte GALT enzyme activity test may be performed to confirm this variant form of the disease. Galactokinase deficiency (GALK1) is also known as galactosemia type II which is rare genetic causing cataract damage due to a lack of galactokinase.[14] Galactosemia type II affects fewer than 1 out of 100,000 newborns. GALK1, is responsible for one step in the galactose metabolic pathway that converts galactose to galactose-1-phosphate which is then converted to glucose. A mutation in this gene results in galactose and an associated sugar called galactitol to buildup in the cells that constructs the lens of the eye.[15] With high level of these accumulations in the blood will damage the lens which will cause cataract and lead to blurred vision – a characteristic in galactosemia type II. Galactose-4-phosphate epimerase deficiency (GALE) is also known as galactosemia type III and the rarest of the three forms of galactosemia. Those who have this may have mild to severe symptoms which may include cataracts, delayed growth and development, along with liver disease, and liver problems. There has not been many reported with the GALE mutations as this is the fewest of the galactosemia disorders. GALE, is an enzyme that instructs the production of an enzyme called UPD-galactose-4-epimerase and responsible for converting UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose. Since GALE is the rarest of the disorder, those affected with galactosemia type III may or may not have any of the complications characteristically related to galactosemia and often do not require treatment. In general, those who have this disorder whose had high level of these enzymes in the blood will still lead to complications such as damaged tissues or organs, cataract, to intellectual disabilities and damages to the liver, kidneys and brain.[16] Newborn Screening: With the high rate of associated with untreated individuals, newborn screening for galactosemia and other inherited genetic disorders are available in all of the 50 states and provinces of the United States. To screen for galactosemia, infant blood and urine samples are screened for the presence of GALT and any galactose metabolites.[17] The samples are first tested for the concentration of galactose and GALT activity, and if galactose levels are high and/or GALT activity is low, then the samples are then assayed for galactose-1-phosphate and further tested of the more common DNA mutations associated with galactosemia.[18] . GALT enzyme presence of less than 32  µmol/L (normal 150-500  µmol/L) is usually indicative of GALT-deficient galactosemia.[19] Newborn screening is essential in early detection and treatment of galactosemia patients efficiently. It is vital to their physical and mental health to avoid as much damage to the individual as possible. Studies has shown that approximately 80% of children given newborn screening for galactosemia were diagnosed within 2 weeks of age, compared to approximately 35% of whom were not screened. From those whom were screened 20% were free of GALT deficiency symptoms at the time of diagnosis.[20] Although nutritional therapy is frequently used which gradually improves the symptoms in patients with galactosemia disorders by introducing these individuals to a galactose-free diet.[21] In most cases, as long as the disease has not advanced too much, most of all acute symptoms gradually regress and often times completely disappear with dietary restriction alone. Many newborns will show rapid weight gain along with no more nauseating or vomiting. The organs like the liver and spleen that would be enlarged due to excess galactose in the body also returns to normal size along with cataracts, if present, will start to regress and most of the time will disappear completely.[22] Unfortunately, there is one significant symptom that shows no signs of improvement – mental retardation or intellectual disability like speech defects and other neurological or physiological abnormalities.[23] Since newborn screening is not performed until at least 24 hours after an infant has begun feedi ng, galactosemia infants will consume galactose before being diagnosis. A more efficient and timely screening methods are necessary to decrease the cases of infants who are already exhibiting disease symptoms at the time of diagnosis. Diet: The most common and most effective form of treatment so far for galactosemia is dietary restriction of galactose consumption. By having galactosemia patient avoid lactose or ingesting food containing galactose they are able to minimize any further damage to their body. For infants, it’s particularly imperative as lactose is present in all milk-base products and studies has now shown that there are some free-galactose in some fruits and vegetables. A study by Gross and Acosta in 1991 indicated monomeric galactose contents in approximately 45 different fruits and vegetables. For example, artichoke, mushrooms, olives, and peanuts all contained less than 0.1 mg of free galactose per 100 mg of plant tissue. In persimmon and tomato contained approximately 34.5 mg of free galactose per 100 g of plant tissue. Fruits and vegetables like dates, papaya, bell pepper, and watermelon were found to have upwards of 10 mg of free galactose per 100 g of plant tissues.[24] Conclusion: Although uncommon due to the effective newborn screening, undiagnosed galactosemia can lead to liver cirrhosis, mental retardation, and even death. [25] Girls with galactosemia have been found in later years to have higher rates of ovarian failure even with dietary intake. It’s important to understand that with acute symptoms at birth can managed with diet but the long-term affect involving impaired sexual and mental function are still prevalent among galactosemia individuals. References: Antshel, K. M., Epstein, I. O., Waisbren, S. E. (2004). Cognitive strengths and weaknesses in children and adolescents homozygous for the galactosemia Q188R mutation: a descriptive study. Neuropsychology, 18(4), 658-664. Hardin, J., Bertoni, G., Kleinsmith, L.J., (2012) Becker’s World of the Cell, 8th Ed, International Edition. Pearson Education, Inc. Glenview. pp. 242 Isselbacher, K.J. (1957), Clinical and Biochemical Observations in Galactosemia. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol. 5, No. 5, pp. 527-532. Grossiord, B. P., Luesink, E. J., Vaughan, E. E., Arnaud, A., de Vos, W. M. (2003). Characterization, Expression, and Mutation of the Lactococcus lactis galPMKTE Genes, Involved in Galactose Utilization via the Leloir Pathway. Journal of Bacteriology. Vol. 185, No. 3, pp. 870-878. Kalckar, H. M., Kurahashi, K., Jordan, E. (1959). â€Å"Hereditary Defects in Galactose Metabolism in Escherichia Coli Mutants, I. Determination of Enzyme Activities†. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 45, No. 12, pp. 1776-1786. Asada, M., Okano, Y., Imamura, T., Suyama, I., Hase, Y., Isshiki, G., (1999). Molecular characterization of galactokinase deficiency in Japanese patients. Journal of Human Genetics. Vol. 44: 377-382. Lai, K., Langley, S. D., Khwaja, F. W., Schmitt, E. W., Elsas, L. J. (2003). GALT Deficiency Causes UDP-Hexose Deficit in Human Galactosemic Cells. Glycobiology. Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 285-294. Berry, G.T., Classic Galactosemia and Clinical Variant Galactosemia. 2000 Feb 4 [Updated 2014 Apr 3]. GeneReviews ® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2014.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1518/ Ai, Y., Zheng, Z., O’Brien-Jenkins, A., Bernard, D.J., Wynshaw-Boris, T., Ning, C., Reynolds, R., Segal, S., Huang, K., and Dwight Stambolian. (2000), A Mouse Model of Galactose-Induced Cataracts. Human Molecular Genetics. Vol. 9, No. 12, pp. 1821-1827. Fridovich-Keil, J.,Bean, L., He, M., andRichard Schroer., Epimerase Deficiency Galactosemia. 2011 Jan 25 [Updated 2013 Oct 24]. GeneReviews ® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2014.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK51671/ Freer, D. E., Ficicioglu, C., Finegold, D. (2010). Newborn Screening for Galactosemia: A Review of 5 Years of Data and Audit of a Revised Reporting Approach. Clinical Chemistry, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 437-444. Waggoner, D. D., Buist, N. R., Donnell, G. N. (1990). Long-term Prognosis in Galactosaemia: Results of a Survey of 350 Cases. Journal of Inherited Metabolism Disorder., Vol. 13, No. 6, pp.802-818. Gross, K. C., Acosta, P. B. (1991). Fruits and Vegetables are a Source of Galactose: Implications in Planning the Diets of Patients with Galactosemia. Journal of Inherited Metabolism Disorder, Vol. 14, No.2 253-258. ~ 1 ~ [1] Kurt J. Isselbacher, â€Å"Clinical and Biochemical Observations in Galactosemia.† The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 5 (September-October 1957): 527-532. [2] Benoit P. Groissard et al., â€Å"Characterization, Expression, and Mutation of the Lactococcus lactis galPMKTE Genes, Involved in Galactose Utilization via the Lenoir Pathway.† Journal of Bacteriology 185 (February 2003): 870-878. [3] Herman M. Kalckar et al., â€Å"Hereditary Defects in Galactose Metabolism in Escherichia Coli Mutants, I. Determination of Enzyme Activities.† Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 45 (December 1959): 1776-1786. [4] Groissard, 870-878. [5] Kalckar, 1776-1786. [6] Groissard, 870-878 [7] K. Lai et al., â€Å"GALT Deficiency Causes UDP-hexose Deficit in Human Galactosemic Cells.† Glycobiology 13 (January 2003): 285-294. [8] Boris B.T. Wang et al., â€Å"Molecular and Biochemical Basis of Galactosemia.† Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 63 (1998): 263-269. [9] Jeff Hardin et al., Becker’s World of the Cell (Glenview: Pearson Education Inc., 2012), 242002E [10] Isselbacher, 527. [11] Wang, 263. [12] Isselbacher, 528. [13] Gerard T. Berry, MD., â€Å"Classic Galactosemia and Clinical Variant Galactosemia.† GeneReviews ® [Internet] – NCBI Bookshelf (1993-2014). [14] Minoru Asada et al., â€Å"Molecular Characterization of Galactokinase Deficiency in Japanese Patients.† Journal of Human Genetics 44 (1999): 377-382. [15] Yunjun Ai et al., â€Å"A Mouse Model of Galactose-Induced Cataracts.† Human Molecular Genetics 9 (2000): 1821-1827. [16] Judith Fridovich-Keil, PhD et al., â€Å"Epimerase Deficiency Galactosemia.† GeneReviews ® NCBI Bookshelf (2011-2013). [17] Dennis E. Freer, Can Ficicioglu, and David Finegold., â€Å"Newborn Screening for Galactosemia: A Review of 5 Years of Data and Audit of A Revised Reporting Approach.† Clinical Chemistry 56 (March 2010): 437-444. [18] Freer et al., 437-444. [19] Freer et al., 437-444. [20] D.D. Waggoner, N.R M. Buist, and G.N. Donnell., â€Å"Long-term Prognosis in Galactosemia: Results of A Survey of 350 Cases† Journal of Inherited Metabolic Diseaase 13 (November 1990): 802-818. [21] Isselbacher, 528. [22] Isselbacher, 528. [23] Wang, 263. [24] K.C. Gross and P.B. Acosta., â€Å"Fruits and Vegetables Are A Source of Galactose: Implications in Planning the Diets of Patients with Galactosemia.† Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 14 (1991): 253-258. [25] Kevin M. Antshel et al., â€Å"Cognitive Strengths and Weaknesses in Children and Adolescents Homozygous for the Galactosemia Q188R Mutation: A Descriptive Study.† Neuropsychology 18 (October 2004): 658-664.

Essay --

Sam Culleton March 9, 2014 Research paper Jesse Owens was a very important man. He was amazing at track and went to the Olympics. He was the best in college. Even though his childhood was not really good. Jesse Owens was born on September 12 1913. He was born in Oakville, Alabama and was born with the name James. Jesse had nine siblings. His family was very poor. They were all sharecroppers which means they were owned by white people but got little money. Even the kids and to help do the job. Every Winter Jesse would get pneumonia and had to work through it. Also every year he would get a big bump. One time it got so big his mom had to get a knife and cut it off. When Jesse was nine hid father found out that the landlord was cheating them out of their money. So once they had enough money, they moved to Ohio. His father found better work there and so did a lot of his family members. Jesse had trouble in school there. On his first day, his teacher asked him what his name was and he said his nickname which was J.C. but with his southern accent it sounded like he said Jesse. That name stuck with him for the rest of his life. When Jesse was in the fifth grade, the track teacher there saw him running and asked him to join the track team. Though with all the jobs Jesse had he could not do track in the afternoon so his coach made him get there before school so he could practice track. /jesse set Junior high records in the high jump with a 6 foot jump and he set another one in the broad jump with 22 feet 11 inches and 3/4. In high school, Jesse won all his major track events. He set records in the 100 meter dash with 9.4 seconds which also tied the world record. Also in high school he set two world records. He ran the 220 yard dash i... ...rld record in the 100 yard dash and won the 220 low hurdles all in under forty five minutes. In the Olympics he competed in the 100 meter dash, long jump, 220 meter dash and the 400 meter dash. In the Olympics he got four gold medals. Jesse Owens was a very important man. He set world records in high school, the Big Ten Conference Championships, and he won four gold medals in the Olympics. He also set records that stood for twenty five years. He impacted athletes by showing no matter what you have went through as a child sand no matter how bad of a life you had you can still do great things that you will be remembered for. He impacted racism by showing no matter what race you are you can still do amazing things, face racism and compete in the Olympics just like white people. He also showed that if you work hard enough and dream big good things will happen for you.

The American Civil War Essay -- US History North South Civil War

The American Civil War was from 1861 to 1865 it was a civil war between the United States of America and the Southern slave states of the newly-formed Confederate States of America under Jefferson Davis. The Union included all of the free states and the five slaveholding border states and was led by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party. Republicans opposed the expansion of slavery into territories owned by the United States, and their victory in the presidential election of 1860 resulted in seven Southern states declaring their secession from the Union even before Lincoln took office. The Union rejected secession, regarding it as rebellion. Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a large volunteer army, then four more Southern states declared their secession. In the war's first year, the Union assumed control of the border states and established a naval bl ockade as both sides massed armies and resources. In 1862, battles such as Shiloh and Antietam caused massive casualties unprecedented in U.S. military history. In September 1862, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made ending slavery in the South a war goal, which complicated the Confederacy's manpower shortages. In the East, Confederate commander Robert E. Lee won a series of victories over Union armies, but Lee's reverse at Gettysburg in early July, 1863 proved the turning point. The capture of Vicksburg and Port Hudson by Ulysses S. Grant completed Union control of the Mississippi River. Grant fought bloody battles of attrition with Lee in 1864, forcing Lee to defend the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. Union general William Sherman ... ...s Plaza in Cadman Plaza and the Korean War Veterans Parkway, which was known as the Richmond Parkway until it was renamed in April 1997 by the New York State Legislature. The Vietnam War Memorial The Vietnam Veterans Memorial recognizes and honors the men and women who served in one of America's most divisive wars. The memorial was conceived and designed to make no political statement whatsoever about the war. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a place where everyone, regardless of opinion, can come together and remember and honor those who served. By doing so, the memorial has paved the way towards reconciliation and healing, a process that continues today. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial accomplishes these goals through the three components that comprise the memorial: the Wall of names, the Three Servicemen Statue and Flagpole, and the Vietnam Women's Memorial.

Management Process and Organizational Behavior Essay

Q.1 â€Å"Today managers need to perform various functions†: Elaborate the statement Managers create and maintain an internal environment, commonly called the organization, sothat others can work efficiently in it. A manager’s job consists of planning, organizing, directing,and controlling the resources of the organization. These resources include people, jobs or positions, technology, facilities and equipment, materials and supplies, information, and money.Managers work in a dynamic environment and must anticipate and adapt to challenges.The manager looks after more than one function. Therefore, managerial practices usedsuccessfully in big firms cannot be blindly used in small-scale units. Basic managerial functionsin large and small business are the same. But the manner in which these functions should becarried out can be different.Managing starts with planning. A manager with a definite and well defined plan has morechances of success than another who tries to start an enterprise without planning. According toKillen† planning is the process of deciding in advance what is to be done‚who is to do it‚how it isto be done and when it is to be done’’. Planning involves thinking and decision and is, therefore,called a logical process. Planning is a continuous process as changes in plans have to be madefrom time to time to take care of changing environment. Many a times, a vague approach isadapted to planning in a small firm. There is a false impression that small firms areuncomplicated and do not require planning. The small-scale manager does not want to engagehis employees in the planning process due to the desire to keep the secrets with him. Personalaccountability for results, lack of expert staff and not having planning skills are other major obstacles to planning in small firms. The owner or manager of a small enterprise is too involvedin day-to-day operation to try planning before commencing actual operation. But they need pre-planning most because small firms have limited resources to conquer their upcoming problemand cannot afford to finance losses that can take place while adjusting to unanticipatedhappenings/changes.An manager needs an enterprise which can achieve the business objectives. During thefunction of organizing he leads human resources to successful completion of the project,arranging the functions and activities into different levels in the organization structure, thusfacilitating the assignments of personnel according to their capabilities, skills and motivation.According to Peter F. Drucker the process of organizing consists of three steps – activitiesanalysis, decisions analysis and relation analysis.(i). Activities Analysis: It consists of the following:a) Determining the main functions for achieving the objectives of the firm.b) Various sub-functions in each major function.c) Amount of work in each major function and its sub-function.d) The position required to perform the activities.(ii) Decisions Analysis: It consists of the following:a) Choosing the basis of departmentalization so that functions could be grouped intospecialized units. Generally, functional departmentation is appropriate for small-scaleunits. Customers, Products and territorie s are other important base of departmentalization.b) Choosing the type of organization structure so that departments are incorporated into aformal structure. MBA Sem-IManagement Process and Organizational Behavior Subject code MB0022 (iii) Relations Analysis: The authority, responsibility and accountability of every position and itsrelationship with other positions are clearly defined. Various positions are manned with personshaving the necessary education, training, experience and other qualifications.To obtain best possible benefit from each employee it is necessary to delegate functions as far-down in the organization as possible. Owners of small firms are often reluctant to delegatingauthority to their employees even though they expect them to do all functions allocated to themthat require authority. For effective completion of tasks, it is necessary that responsibilityaccompanies the necessary authority. In directing a manager has to supervise, guide, lead and motivate people so that they canachieve set targets of performance. In the process of directing his subordinates, a manager ensures that the employees fulfill their tasks according to the set plans. Directing is theexecutive function of management because it is concerned with the execution of plan andpolicies. Directing commences organized action and sets the whole organizational machineryinto action. It is, therefore, the life giving function of an organization. This is the area where themastery of the art and science of management is put to test. An manager’s leadership styledetermines the work atmosphere and culture of the organization. Above all, he must motivateemployees by setting a good example, setting practical targets of performance and providingsatisfactory monetary and non- monetary benefits.In directing a manager has to perform the following tasks:(a) Issuing orders and instructions(b) Supervising workers(c) Motivating i.e. inspiring to work efficiently for set objectives(d) Communicating with employees regarding plans and their implementation.(e) Leadership or influencing the actions or employees. Controlling is the process of ensuring that the organization is moving in the desired directionand that progress is being made to wards the achievement of goals.The answer to a profitable organization is the skill of the owner or manager to controloperations. He has to establish standards of performance, procedures, goals and budgets. Withthese guides, he supervises job progress, workers performance and the financial condition of the business. The controlling function of the owner manager includes:Setting of standards: – Control presumes the existence of standards against which actual resultsare to be evaluated. Standards can not control on their own but they are the targets againstwhich actual performance can be measured. Therefore they should be set clearly andaccurately. They should be precise, adequate, and feasible.Measurement of actual performance: – The actual performance is measured and evaluated incomparison with the set standards. Preferably measurement should be such that variation maybe identified in advance of occurrence and prevented by suitable action. Where work involved isof quantitative nature measurement of performance is not difficult. But when the work is notquantifiable measurement becomes difficult. Periodical reports test checks and audits arehelpful in precise measurement of performance. MBA Sem-IManagement Process and Organizational Behavior Subject code MB0022 Analysis of variances: – Comparison of actual performance with standards will reveal variation.Variations are analysed to identify their cause and their impact on the organization. Correctiveaction can be possible only where the causes of the problem spots have been identified.Clarification may be called for sudden variation.Taking corrective action: – Control means action on the basis of measurement and evaluation of results. Wherever possible self- determining device should be used for bringing back actualresults in line with the standards. Standards should be revised wherever necessary. Other stepsto prevent deviations can be re-organization, improvements in staffing and directions etc. Thereal meaning of control lies in the commencement and follow-up of remedial action. At thisstages control unites with planning.

Glass Industry in Turkey

When supply effort in joker is break downd, it is observed that there argon middle and small sized trues, give places at workshop levels in very(prenominal) limited numbers and a superior producer, Trkiye ie ve Cam Fabrikalar Topluluu. to a greater extent than 90% of the annual business of trade is met by iecam. Although there atomic number 18 no law and arbitration barriers to project to the frappe market, firms hesitate to enter since glass pains requires continuous doing with mettlesome capacity and continuous investment and in the altogether materials in Turkey are non in high quality and the touchstone of their reserves in Turkey are declining day by day, namely the intentness is becoming more wooly and risky.Furthermore, lessen returns in the short- take on ontogeny borderline toll of glass intersection pointion as the necessity of innovation and continuous production makes producer buy more expert and faster machines and equipment besides the staff cannot using up them efficiently for a definite period, which increase total cost and fringy cost but not brings about aforesaid(prenominal) increase in output levels. lower in quality of raw materials as well as explains the diminish returns and rising marginal costs.The emptor range of glass market is vast as glass is not that used for decoration purposes and used as kitchen utensils but also it is used as an input in construction, food, furniture, white goods, medicine, cracked drinks, automotive and electrical-electronics industries. In addition, glass plays an alpha role in these industries as the producers of these industries cannot rest period any other input for glass in some parts of their production processes.The object lesson of glass market in Turkey, iecam can determine the terms or quantity of its products. As iecam is a impairment maker, not a wrong taker it is more likely that it result try set a price resulting in profit maximisation which is not o verly high or too low and makes marginal tax revenue equals to marginal cost. It worths mentioning that iecam can determine any price or quantity, not both(prenominal) of them. When one of them is set, the other will be determined by demand curve. However, price and quantity are not the resole components that iecam can play with. iecam tries to catch the trend in technology in abroad by establishing joint-ventures with outside firms in order to innovate itself, better the product design and product diversity.In addition, as a result of its trade strategy, iecam sells its trifles and kitchen utensils in Paabahe Stores which are located in strategical places of stanbul, Ankara, zmir, Adana, Antalya, Bursa, Mersin, Denizli, Bodrum, and Marmaris. iecam also seeks an expansionary policy in abroad. It has two firms in Bulgaria and Georgia and representative offices in Germany, Russia, China, Hong Kong and Austria. Though iecam states its strategic goal as keeping the steer posit ion in the country, increasing contrasted sales, climbing the ranks of glass production statistics and producing in an environmentally friendly way, it is snuff it that the primary accusive of a firm is to increase its profits as the possible action of firm implies and the objective of iecam is to maximize its profit in the short-run by trying to equate its marginal revenue and marginal cost. iecam is not shitless of possibility of sharing its short run economic profits with the other firms since it is the sole firm in glass industry in Turkey. All in all, when we analyze glass industry in Turkey on the basis of number of sellers, cost conditions, number of buyers, demand conditions, strategic variables, objective function and prevision of rivals reactions, we can purpose that the market structure of glass industry is monopoly.iecam is the monopolist of glass industry since it is the sole producer in the soft touch except for a few enterprises but there are many buyers of its products, its marginal costs increase due to diminishing returns in the short-run, it can use price, quantity, product design, distribution channels as strategic variables, the objective of the firm is profit maximization in the short-run and it has no expectation of rivals reaction as there is no rival in the industry.

Due Process Model

I believe that the ascribable action pose (which puts emphasis on an individuals adjusts) is es directial and should constantly be our primary focus of this brutal justice system, although under(a) the out-of-pocket process model there is a probability of criminals being set free or acquitted due to some technicality where individuals rights had been violated. As humans, we make mistakes and as we grow, we will control from such mistakes.To affirm that those rights would not be violated again, tho to allow a persons to be wrongfully convicted and sent to prison is a mistake that is unforgivable, one that raft not be held to the standard we live and we learn and in my opinion, shows our justice system at its weakest. The Fourth Amendment posses the right against unreasonable calculate and transport and probable cause is set forth so that law enforcement cannot conduct searches without proper attest.The combination of the due process model and the right against illegal se arch and seizures will allow for authorities to rightfully predominate the information and evidence required for a disapprobation without the problem of the direct violation of an individuals rights. The Fifth Amendment declares that, nor shall either person be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself The right to remain silent. The accused should not have to declare or say anything that would incriminate them. Under the due process model the accused is innocent until proved inculpative.If believed to be in fact guilty of a crime, it is law enforcement duty to collect any evidence that would affirm that belief. No person should be hale to self incriminate or to the confession of guild. The 6th Amendment allows the right to a speedy trial. Unfortunately, this is not normally the case. The system is often under very big(p) workloads and the proper preparation of cases. Therefore the accused is unfairly made to wait weeks sometimes months for their trial . Meanwhile the vile of that individual and their family member increases by the day.With the due process model, those individuals would immediately be brought to trial. The Eighth Amendment apposes the use of ferocious and odd punishment. Once again, and individual is innocent until prove guilty. How invariably, once accused of a crime the print is imposed and one will be guilty in some eyes regardless of what has or has not been proven and sometimes, I fear, one would be treated in a cruel and unusual manner. With the due process model, no persons accused would ever be harmed, physical or otherwise in any way.